Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities

Secondary analysis of quantitative and qualitative data in South Africa from IMAGE (see Pronyk et al., 2006) found that after two years of follow-up, young women ages 14 to 35 who had received microfinance loans to establish small businesses, along with training on gender and HIV, were more likely to have accessed VCT and less likely to have had unprotected sex at last intercourse, as well as being more likely to have had more communication concerning HIV with sexual partners and others. “…Data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews indicated a sense of enhanced bargaining power among intervention participants” (p. 1663). Qualitative data from non-participant observation of 160 women attending microfinance loan meetings during one year, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and diaries of training facilitators were used along with quantitative data. One hundred and twelve women in the intervention group and 108 in the control group were followed and interviewed.

[16] Note: In some cases, microcredit can increase violence against women if the intervention is not carefully designed and appropriate to the local context (Schuler et al., 1998; Gupta et al., 2008a).

In 2004, a nine-month-long SHAZ! (Shaping the Health of Adolescents in Zimbabwe) program provided 16 to 19 year-old poor, out-of-school girls just outside of Harare with an integrated microcredit, HIV education and behavior change program and resulted in increased HIV knowledge, increased equity in relationships, and condom use but low rates of loan repayment and business success. Zimbabwe’s weak economy was blamed for the economic failures.

In Haiti, between 2005 and 2007, 420 women who were screened for HIV infection at GHESKIO, a CSO, of whom 57% were HIV-positive, received a loan from a microfinance institution following evaluation and training on business development. Of the women, 85% reported that the loans had improved their life conditions. The women were followed for a median of 12 months from the time of the first loan until the most recent clinic visit. Loan repayment was high: 93% for HIV-negative women and 82% for women living with HIV.

Four years after an income-generating HIV prevention project for youth was initiated in Ewo, Republic of Congo, a follow up inquiry found that 24.2% of the youth were still involved in income generating activities. The follow up visit in 2006 used focus groups and a cross sectional survey of 372 young people ages 15-24, selected from four zones through cluster sampling to explore practices associated with risk of HIV in young people. Youth reported that, for those who continued with the income-generating activities, these activities provided them with money and, for some, skills training, which for the girls especially, reduced their dependency on others. Few (5%) reported having sexual intercourse with a new sexual partner without using a condom and this was significantly lower in those currently involved in income generating activities. Young people involved in agriculture, however, reported higher levels of sexual intercourse with a new sexual partner without using a condom. The focus group discussions pointed out that farm activities were carried out in neighboring villages and some on a seasonal basis. This may imply an increase on other risk factors such as insecure income, exposure to non-familiar adults and mobility. Further assessment is needed, however, to understand the factors driving the behavior of the young people involved in agriculture. Researchers found that for the youth in Ewo, there are four dimensions of income generating activities that are reported to be important for reducing susceptibility to HIV: the revenue they earned, the control/autonomy it brings to their lives, the training and new skills and the occupation of time in useful activity. Mobility and exposure to non-familiar adults in insecure forms of activity may counter some of these beneficial effects.

A time-usage study in 1999 that analyzed data on education, work, and organized activities among 2,992 youths ages 14-22 in two South African districts found that employment opportunities decreased the odds of sexual activity among girls and higher wages for both boys and girls were associated with increased condom use. For example, girls were about one-third less likely to have had sex in the last year in communities where youth generally made more money from working and were almost two and a half times more likely to report having used a condom. Boys living in communities with higher employment and wage rates were 50% more likely to report having used a condom. Overall, “for most groups, the number of hours spent hanging out is positively associated with having had sex in the last year and negatively associated with condom use”.

In India, access to HAART resulted in a rapid increase in employment and income for 1,319 HIV-positive patients (including those not eligible for HAART) followed between 2005 and 2007. Socioeconomic data were collected but data were not disaggregated by sex. A total of 452 patients initiated treatment and 867 received care and support. At six months after initiation of treatment, patients’ labor force participation rose 26% and weekly hours worked rose 14.5%. Asymptomatic patients receiving counseling and support also experienced significant but smaller increases in employment. At twelve months after treatment initiation, employment increases remained large and significant.

Training of 40 women and 80 men living with HIV in 2006 to 2007 who then were involved in consultations for developing workplace policies resulted in commitments by several employers’ organizations and five central trade unions in India that included principles of non-discrimination and continued employment of people living with HIV. A message that made an impact was: “If you take away my job, you will kill us faster than the virus” (Mohd, 2008). (Abstract) (training programs, employment, discrimination, India)