Acknowledgements
Suggested Citation
Gay, J.,Croce-Galis, M., Hardee, K. 2012.What Works for Women and Girls: Evidence for HIV/AIDS Interventions.2nd edition. Washington DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project. www.whatworksforwomen.org
Authors*
Jill Gay, MA, J. Gay Associates
Melanie Croce-Galis, RN, MPH, Artemis Global Consulting
Karen Hardee, Ph.D. Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, HPP, Futures Group
Expert Review and Support
Compiling a research review of this magnitude would not be possible without the expert input and support of a wide group of people.The authors particularly want to thank Shannon Kowalski, Amelia Peltz and Diana Prieto who have had the vision to recognize the importance of the evidence base on women and HIV and have worked so hard to support the development of this resource. The authors are extremely grateful to the following reviewers, including those who participated in a review meeting hosted by the Open Society Institute in Cape Town, South Africa on February 17-19, 2010 and a methodology meeting hosted by PEPFAR and USAID in Washington, DC, on September 9, 2011.
(* denotes 2010 edition; + denotes 2012 edition)
Dr. Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Ph.D.*
Associate Scientific Director
Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)
Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine
University of KwaZulu-Natal
South Africa
Dr. Sevim Ahmedov, MPA+
Senior TB Technical Advisor
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Avni Amin, Ph.D. *
Technical Officer
Department of Gender and Womens Health
World Health Organization (WHO)
Geneva, Switzerland
Ms. Jayne Arnott*+
Director
Triangle Project
Cape Town, South Africa
Dr. Stefan Baral, MD, MPH, MBA+
Associate Director, Public Health, Human
Rights and Marginalized Populations
Center for Public Health and Human Rights,
Department of Epidemiology
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD, USA
Dr. Gary Barker, Ph.D.+
International Director
Promundo/US
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Chris Beyrer, MD, MPH*
Director
Johns Hopkins Center for Public Health
Human Rights
Baltimore, MD, USA
Dr. Mabel Bianco, MD, MPH+
President
Fundacion para Estudio e
Investigacin de la Mujer (FEIM)
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Dr. Harriet Birungi, Ph.D.+
Senior Associate and Country Director
Population Council
Nairobi, Kenya
Dr. Heather Bradley, Ph.D.+
Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer,
Division of STD Prevention
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Atlanta, GA, USA
Dr. A. David Brandling-Bennett, MD, DTPH*
Deputy Director, Malaria, Infectious Diseases Division
Global Health Program
Bill Melinda Gates Foundation
Seattle, WA, USA
(Formerly, Senior Program Officer)
Dr. J. Winchester Brown, Ph.D. *
Senior Program Officer, Measurement, Learning and Evaluation
Global Health Program
Bill Melinda Gates Foundation
Seattle, WA, USA
(Formerly, Senior Monitoring and Evaluation Advisor, USAID/South Africa)
Dr. Karen Brudney, MD*
Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine
Columbia University
New York, NY, USA
Dr. Ward Cates, MD, MPH*+
President of Research
Family Health International
Raleigh-Durham, NC, USA
Michaela Clayton, B.A./LL.B+
Regional Director
AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa (ARASA)
Windhoek, Namibia
Dr. Farley Cleghorn, MD, MPH*+
Senior Vice President and Chief Technical Officer
The Futures Group
Washington DC, USA
Matthew Cogan, MA+
Programme Officer, Gender Team
UNAIDS
Geneva, Switzerland
Dr. Myron Cohen, MD*
J. Herbert Bate Distinguished Professor
of Medicine and Microbiology
Immunology and Public Health
School of Medicine University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
E. Tyler Crone, MPH, JD+
Co-founder and Director
ATHENA
Seattle, WA, USA
Nazneen Damji, MSc*+
Programme Manager
Gender Equality and HIV/AIDS
UN Women
New York, NY, USA
Ugochi Daniels, MA+
UNFPA Representative to the Philippines
United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA)/Philippines
Makati City, Philippines
Barbara T. Dente, MPA*
(Formerly Program Associate,
Public Health Program, OSF
New York, NY, USA)
Ms. Heather Doyle+
Director
Sexual Health Rights Project(SHARP)
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
New York, NY, USA
Dr. Anne Eckman, Ph.D. *+
Independent Consultant
AKE Consulting
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Jose Esparza, MD, Ph.D. *
Senior Adviser, Vaccines
Bill Melinda Gates Foundation
Seattle, WA, USA
Cynthia Eyakuze, MPH*+
Director, Public Health Watch
Public Health Program
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
New York, NY, USA
Tamar Ezer, JD, LLM*+
Program Officer,Law and Health Initiative
Public Health Program
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
New York, NY, USA
Lindiwe Farlane, MA*
(Formerly, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer
EngenderHealth, Johannesburg, South Africa)
Betty Farrell, CNM, MPH+
Senior Medical Associate,Integration
EngenderHealth
New York, NY, USA
Dr. Robert Ferris, D.O., MPH+
Medical Officer for the Office of HIV/AIDS
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Nathan Ford, Ph.D. *+
Medical Director
Doctors Without Borders (MSF)
Cape Town, South Africa
Dr. Susana Fried, Ph.D. *+
Senior Gender Advisor
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
New York, NY, USA
Adrienne Germain, MA*
(Formerly, President, International Women's Health
Coalition,New York, NY, USA)
Elena Ghanotakis, MPH*
Technical Officer, Global Technical Policy
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Julie Gutman, MD+
Epidemiologist,Division of Parasitic Diseases Malaria, Malaria Branch
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Atlanta, GA, USA
Dr. Ed Handelsman, MD*
(Formerly, NIAID Program Officer, Division of AIDS,
NIAID/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA)
Dr. Shirin Heidari, Ph.D.+
Executive Editor
Journal of the International AIDS
Society International AIDS Society
Geneva, Switzerland
Erin E. Howe, MPH*
Program Officer,Public Health Watch
Public Health Program
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
New York, NY, USA
Elena Ghanotakis, MSc+
Senior Technical Officer, Global Technical Policy
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
Washington DC, USA
Franoise Girard, MA, LLB*
President
International Womens Health Coalition (IWHC)
New York, NY, USA
(Formerly, Director, Public Health Program,
Open Society Foundations, New York, NY, USA)
Kristina L. Grabbe, MPH+
Public Health Advisor
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Atlanta, GA, USA
Dr. Margaret Greene, Ph.D.+
Director
GreeneWorks
Washington DC, USA
Allison K. Groves, MHS*
Research Coordinator
Gillings School of Global Public Health
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Dr. Nina Hasen, Ph.D. *+
Senior Technical Advisor,HIV Prevention Office
of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC)
U.S. Department of State
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Jose Jeronimo, MD*+
Senior Advisor Womens Cancers
PATH
Seattle, WA, USA
(Formerly, Director, START-UP Project)
Dr. Mireille Kalou, MD, MPH+
Unit Lead - HIV Serology Incidence and Diagnostic
International Laboratory Branch
Division of Global HIV/AIDS
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Atlanta, GA, USA
Dr. Nduku Kilonzo, Ph.D. *+
Director
Liverpool VCT Care Treatment
Nairobi, Kenya
Dr. Douglas Kirby, Ph.D. *
Senior Research Scientist
ETR Associates
Scotts Valley, CA, USA
Dr. Shyam Kottilil, MD, Ph.D. *
Staff Clinician
NIH/NIAID/LIR
Bethesda, MD, USA
Shannon Kowalski, MPA+
Project Director, Global Health Financing Initiative
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
New York, NY, USA
Dr. Daniela Ligiero, Ph.D.+
Senior Technical Advisor for Gender
Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC)
U.S. Department of State
Washington DC, USA
Ms. Vanessa Ludwig*
Programmes Director
Gei-Heis Collective
South Africa
(Formerly, Director, Triangle Project, Cape Town, South Africa)
Dr. Chewe Luo, Ph.D., MMed, MSc+
Senior Programme Advisor
UNICEF
New York, NY, USA
Ron MacInnis, MPH+
Deputy Director for HIV, Health Policy Project (HPP)
Futures Group
Washington DC, USA
Tim Mah, MSc, ScD+
Senior HIV Prevention Advisor
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Siddhartha Mahanty, MD, MPH*
Assistant Chief, Clinical Parasitology Section,LPD
NIH/NIAID
Bethesda, MD, USA
(Formerly, Staff Physician, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases)
Dr. Therese McGinn, Ph.D., MPH+
Associate Professor of Clinical Population and Family Health
Columbia University
New York, NY, USA
Mr. Jeff Meer+
Special Advisor Global Health Policy and Development
Public Health Institute (PHI)
Washington DC, USA
Anna Miller, MBChB, MPH*
Senior Technical Advisor
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
Harare, Zimbabwe
Sasha Mital, MPH+
Public Health Analyst,HIV Prevention Branch
Division of Global HIV/AIDS
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Atlanta, GA, USA
Dr. Claudia Garcia Moreno, MD+
Gender, Reproductive Rights and Sexual Health
World Health Organization (WHO)
Geneva, Switzerland
Dr. Charles Morrison, Ph.D.+
Senior Director of Clinical Sciences
FHI360
Raleigh-Durham, NC, USA
Dr. Aprajita Mukherjee, Ph.D. *
(Formerly, Gender Development Specialist, International Center
for Research on Women (ICRW)/Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India)
Mr. Murray Proctor+
First Assistant Director General
Sectoral Policy Division
Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)
Canberra, Australia
Dr. Franoise Ndayishimiye, MD*+
Gender Consultant
(Formerly Senior Gender Adviser,The Global Fund
to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Geneva, Switzerland)
Dr. Richard Needle, Ph.D.+
Senior Public Health Advisor, Prevention for MARPs
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Emmanuel Njeuhmeli, MD, MPH, MBA+
Prevention Advisor, Male Circumcision
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Tonya Nyagiro, Ph.D+
Senior Advisor, Gender, Key Populations and Human Rights
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
Geneva, Switzerland
Dr. Florence Nyangara, Ph.D. *
Senior Research Evaluation Specialist
ICF Associates Inc.
Calverton, MD
(Formerly, Senior Research and Evaluation Specialist, Futures Group
Washington DC, USA)
Dr. Laura Nyblade, PhD.+
Health Policy Project (HPP)
Futures Group
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Nancy Padian, Ph.D., MPH+
Senior Technical Advisor
Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC)
U.S. Department of State
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Suzanne Petroni, Ph.D., MSFS+
Vice President for Global Health
Public Health Institute (PHI)
Washington DC, USA
Amelia Peltz, MA+
Gender Advisor, Office of HIV/AIDS,Bureau for Global Health
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Christian Pitter, MD*
Senior Director, Global Technical Policy and Partnerships
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Chelsea Polis, Ph.D.+
Epidemiologist
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA
Judith Polsky, MPA/MPPM*
External Relations Advisor
UNAIDS
Geneva, Switzerland
(Formerly, Programme Advisor)
Diana Prieto, MPP+
Senior Gender Advisor, Office of HIV/AIDS, Bureau for Global Health
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA
Co-chair, PEPFAR Gender Technical Working Group
Julie Pulerwitz, ScD, ScM+
Director, HIV/AIDS TB Global Program
PATH
Washington DC, USA
Beth Robinson, MS+
Director, Knowledge Management
Futures Group
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Mark Robson, Ph.D., MPH, MS, ATS*
Dean of Agricultural and Urban Programs
School of Environmental and Biological Sciences
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Dr. Naomi Rutenberg, Ph.D. *+
Vice President, HIV and AIDS Program
Population Council
New York, NY, USA
Dr. Caroline Ryan, MD, MPH+
Director of Technical Leadership
Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC)
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Amitrajit Saha, DGO, MD (PSM) *
Senior Advisor, HIV Human Rights
UNDP
Johannesburg, South Africa
(Formerly, Associate Director, SRH, PATH, New Delhi, India)
Amakobe Caroline Sande, MA*
Senior Gender Advisor
UNAIDS
Regional Support Team Eastern and Southern Africa
Johannesburg, South Africa
(Formerly, Team Leader, Country Support)
Justine Sass+ MSc, MPH
Regional AIDS Advisor
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)/Asia-Pacific
Bangkok, Thailand
Dr. Janet Shriberg, Ph.D., MSc, MPH+
Monitoring and Evaluation OVC Technical Advisor
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA
Dr. Stuart Z. Shapiro, MD, Ph.D.*+
NIAID Program Officer
Division of AIDS NIAID/NIH/DHHS
Bethesda, MD, USA
Carol Shepherd, Sc.D., MS *
Technical Director
CAMRIS International, Inc.
Bethesda, MD, USA
(Formerly, Deputy Director, Futures Group, Washington, DC, USA)
Dr. Jacqueline Sherris, Ph.D.*
Vice President, Global Programs
PATH
Seattle, WA, USA
Dr. Larry Slutsker, MD, MPH*+
Associate Director for Science
Center for Global Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta, GA, USA
(Formerly, Chief, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch)
Emily Sonneveldt, MPH+
Senior Associate
Futures Institute
Glastonbury, CT, USA
Dr. Suniti Solomon, MD+
Founder and Director
Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research
and Education (Y.R.G. Care)
Chennai, India
Marion Stevens, RN, RM, B Soc Sci (Hons), MM(PDM) *+
Coordinator WISH Associates
(Women in SexualandRights and Health)
Cape Town, South Africa
(Formerly, Project Manager, Women and HIV/AIDS Gauge,
Health Systems Trust (HST), South Africa)
John Stover, MA+
President
Futures Institute
Glastonbury, CT, USA
Laura Subramanian, MS*
Research and Metrics Advisor
Pathfinder International
Boston, MA, USA
(Formerly, Program Associate, EngenderHealth, New York, NY, USA)
Todd Summers*
Chair, Strategy, Investment, and Impact Committee
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
Washington DC, USA
(Formerly, Senior Program Officer for Global Health, Bill Melinda Gates Foundation, Washington, DC, USA)
Ms. Tracy Swan*+
Hepatitis/HIV Project Director
Treatment Action Group
New York, NY, USA
Dr. Vicci Tallis, Ph.D.*
Programme Manager, HIV and AIDS
Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA)
Johannesburg, South Africa
Becky Tolson, MA+
Deputy Director, International Harm Reduction
Development Program
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
New York, NY, USA
Rachel Tulchin, MA+
Foreign Affairs Officer
U.S. Department of State
Washington DC, USA
Feiko ter Kuile, MD, Ph.D.*
Professor of Tropical Epidemiology
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
Alejandra Trossero, MSc*
Director, Integrated Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Programmes
International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF)/East and South East Asia and Oceania
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
(Formerly, Senior HIV Officer)
Dr. Mitchell Warren, Ph.D.+
Executive Director
Global Advocacy for HIV Prevention
AVAC
New York, NY, USA
Dr. Alice Welbourn, Ph.D.+
Founder and Director
Salamander Trust
London, England, United Kingdom
Rose Wilcher, MPH+
Senior Technical Officer
FHI 360
Raleigh-Durham, NC, USA
Dr. Irina Yacobson, MD+
Assistant Medical Director
FHI 360
Raleigh-Durham, NC, USA
*Additional Support
In addition to the authors, a number of people have been involved in compiling the evidence in this resource and in writing significant components of chapters and gathering references. (* denotes 2010 edition; + denotes 2012 edition)
- Kristine Berzins, Transatlantic Fellow, Ecologic Institute*
- Dr. Fitih Bicha, MD, MPH, MA, Lead Author, Treatment+
- Kristin Burke, BHSC, CHES, MPH student, George Washington University, Lead Author, Preventing, Detecting and Treating Critical Co-Infections+
- Corey Cameron, FIMRC Ambassador, Foundation for the International Medical Relief of Children+
- Elina Cespedes, student, Marymount University+
- Matthew Cleaveland, student, H-B Woodlawn HS+
- Rachel Cleaveland, student, Williamsburg MS+
- Christian Cleaveland, student, Williamsburg MS+
- Holly Greb, Program Associate, Global HIV/Tuberculosis Program, PATH*
- Debasree Das Gupta, Ph.D. student, George Mason University+
- Kathryn Fleming, Senior Project Specialist, Health and Education, American Institutes for Research*
- Chanelle Gutari, RN, BA, MPH, Ph.D. student, Crisis, Emergency Risk Management, George Washington University*
- Alana Hairston, MS, Program Officer, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation; Ph.D. student at Johns Hopkins University*
- Carolina Hall, Masters student, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Co-author, Safe Motherhood and Prevention of Vertical Transmission*+
- Betsy Kidder, MD and Ph.D. student, George Washington University*
- Tasha Prados, Peace Corps Volunteer, Peru*
- Sara Pappa, MA, Co-author, Care and Support+
- Meher Rehman, Senior Program Officer, FHI 360/India*
- Kimberly Rovin, Ph.D. student, Michigan State University*
- Claire Wingfield, MPH, Product Development Policy Officer, Advocacy and Public Policy, PATH*
- Martha Wood, MPH, Midwife, Alice Springs, Australia*