Acknowledgements

Suggested Citation

Gay, J., Croce-Galis, M., Hardee, K. 2016.What Works for Women and Girls: Evidence for HIV/AIDS Interventions.Washington DC: Population Council, The Evidence Project and What Works Association, Inc. www.whatworksforwomen.org.

Authors*

Jill Gay, MA, Chief Technical Officer, What Works Association, Inc.
Melanie Croce-Galis, RN, MPH, Executive Director, What Works Association, Inc.
Karen Hardee, Ph.D., Senior Associate and Project Director, The Evidence Project, Population Council

Expert Review and Support

Compiling a research review of this magnitude would not be possible without the expert input and support of a wide group of people.The authors particularly want to thank Shannon Kowalski, Amelia Peltz and Diana Prieto who have had the vision to recognize the importance of the evidence base on women and HIV and have worked so hard to support the development of this resource. The authors are extremely grateful to the following reviewers, including those who participated in a review meeting hosted by the Open Society Institute in Cape Town, South Africa on February 17-19, 2010 and a methodology meeting hosted by PEPFAR and USAID in Washington, DC, on September 9, 2011.

(* denotes 2010 edition; + denotes 2012 edition; ^ denotes 2014 updates, # denotes 2015 updates, - denotes 2016 updates)

Dr. Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Ph.D.*#
Associate Scientific Director
Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)
Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine
University of KwaZulu-Natal
South Africa

Dr. Sevim Ahmedov, MPA+
Senior TB Technical Advisor
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Avni Amin, Ph.D. *
Technical Officer
Department of Gender and Womens Health
World Health Organization (WHO)
Geneva, Switzerland

Lorraine Anyango, BS -
Chair
Global Network of Young People Living with HIV
Y+ Network
Boston, MA, USA

Ms. Jayne Arnott*+
Director
Triangle Project
Cape Town, South Africa

Dr. Stefan Baral, MD, MPH, MBA+
Associate Director, Public Health, Human
Rights and Marginalized Populations
Center for Public Health and Human Rights,
Department of Epidemiology
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD, USA

Dr. Gary Barker, Ph.D.+
International Director
Promundo/US
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Chris Beyrer, MD, MPH*
Director
Johns Hopkins Center for Public Health
Human Rights
Baltimore, MD, USA

Dr. Mabel Bianco, MD, MPH+
President
Fundacion para Estudio e
Investigacin de la Mujer (FEIM)
Buenos Aires, Argentina

Dr. Harriet Birungi, Ph.D.+
Senior Associate and Country Director
Population Council
Nairobi, Kenya

Dr. Heather Bradley, Ph.D.+
Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer,
Division of STD Prevention
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Atlanta, GA, USA

Dr. A. David Brandling-Bennett, MD, DTPH*
Deputy Director, Malaria, Infectious Diseases Division
Global Health Program
Bill Melinda Gates Foundation
Seattle, WA, USA
(Formerly, Senior Program Officer)

Dr. J. Winchester Brown, Ph.D. *
Senior Program Officer, Measurement, Learning and Evaluation
Global Health Program
Bill Melinda Gates Foundation
Seattle, WA, USA
(Formerly, Senior Monitoring and Evaluation Advisor, USAID/South Africa)

Dr. Karen Brudney, MD*
Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine
Columbia University
New York, NY, USA

Dr. Ward Cates, MD, MPH*+
President of Research
Family Health International
Raleigh-Durham, NC, USA

Sandra Ka Hon Chu, LLM^
Co-Director of Research and Advocacy
Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network
Toronto, ON, Canada

Michaela Clayton, B.A./LL.B+
Regional Director
AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa (ARASA)
Windhoek, Namibia

Dr. Farley Cleghorn, MD, MPH*+
Senior Vice President and Chief Technical Officer
The Futures Group
Washington DC, USA

Matthew Cogan, MA+
Programme Officer, Gender Team
UNAIDS
Geneva, Switzerland

Dr. Myron Cohen, MD*#
Associate Vice Chancellor for Global Health
School of Medicine University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, USA

E. Tyler Crone, MPH, JD+^
Co-founder and Director
ATHENA
Seattle, WA, USA

Nazneen Damji, MSc*+
Programme Manager
Gender Equality and HIV/AIDS
UN Women
New York, NY, USA

Ugochi Daniels, MA+
UNFPA Representative to the Philippines
United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA)/Philippines
Makati City, Philippines

Barbara T. Dente, MPA*
(Formerly Program Associate,
Public Health Program, OSF
New York, NY, USA)

Sophie Dilmitis#
Consultant
Zimbabwe

Ms. Heather Doyle+
Director
Sexual Health Rights Project(SHARP)
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
New York, NY, USA

Dr. Anne Eckman, Ph.D. *+
Independent Consultant
AKE Consulting
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Jose Esparza, MD, Ph.D. *
Senior Adviser, Vaccines
Bill Melinda Gates Foundation
Seattle, WA, USA

Cynthia Eyakuze, MPH*+
Director, Public Health Watch
Public Health Program
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
New York, NY, USA

Tamar Ezer, JD, LLM*+^
Program Officer,Law and Health Initiative
Public Health Program
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
New York, NY, USA

Lindiwe Farlane, MA*
(Formerly, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer
EngenderHealth, Johannesburg, South Africa)

Betty Farrell, CNM, MPH+
Senior Medical Associate,Integration
EngenderHealth
New York, NY, USA

Dr. Robert Ferris, D.O., MPH+
Medical Officer for the Office of HIV/AIDS
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA

Johanna B. Fine, JD, MIA^
Deputy Director
Global Legal Program
Center for Reproductive Rights
New York, NY, USA

Dr. Nathan Ford, Ph.D.*+
Medical Director
Doctors Without Borders (MSF)
Cape Town, South Africa

Dr. Susana Fried, Ph.D. *+
Senior Gender Advisor
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
New York, NY, USA

Adrienne Germain, MA*
(Formerly, President, International Women's Health
Coalition,New York, NY, USA)

Elena Ghanotakis, MPH*
Technical Officer, Global Technical Policy
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Julie Gutman, MD+
Epidemiologist,Division of Parasitic Diseases Malaria, Malaria Branch
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Atlanta, GA, USA

Elena Ghanotakis, MSc+
Senior Technical Officer, Global Technical Policy
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
Washington DC, USA

Franoise Girard, MA, LLB*
President
International Womens Health Coalition (IWHC)
New York, NY, USA
(Formerly, Director, Public Health Program,
Open Society Foundations, New York, NY, USA)

Mayra Gomez, Ph.D.^
Co-Executive Director
The Global Initiative for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Duluth, MN, USA

Kristina L. Grabbe, MPH+
Public Health Advisor
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Atlanta, GA, USA

Dr. Margaret Greene, Ph.D.+
Director
GreeneWorks
Washington DC, USA

Allison K. Groves, MHS*
Research Coordinator
Gillings School of Global Public Health
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Dr. Ed Handelsman, MD*
(Formerly, NIAID Program Officer, Division of AIDS,
NIAID/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA)

Dr. Nina Hasen, Ph.D. *+
Senior Technical Advisor,HIV Prevention Office
of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC)
U.S. Department of State
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Shirin Heidari, Ph.D.+
Executive Editor
Journal of the International AIDS
Society International AIDS Society
Geneva, Switzerland

Joanna Herat, MA -
Senior Programme Specialist
Health and Education
UNESCO
Paris, France

Erin E. Howe, MPH*
Program Officer,Public Health Watch
Public Health Program
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
New York, NY, USA

Dr. Jose Jeronimo, MD*+
Senior Advisor Womens Cancers
PATH
Seattle, WA, USA
(Formerly, Director, START-UP Project)

Dr. Mireille Kalou, MD, MPH+
Unit Lead - HIV Serology Incidence and Diagnostic
International Laboratory Branch
Division of Global HIV/AIDS
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Atlanta, GA, USA

Dr. Nduku Kilonzo, Ph.D. *+
Director
Liverpool VCT Care Treatment
Nairobi, Kenya

Dr. Douglas Kirby, Ph.D. *
Senior Research Scientist
ETR Associates
Scotts Valley, CA, USA

Dr. Shyam Kottilil, MD, Ph.D. *
Staff Clinician
NIH/NIAID/LIR
Bethesda, MD, USA

Shannon Kowalski, MPA+
Project Director, Global Health Financing Initiative
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
New York, NY, USA

Dr. Daniela Ligiero, Ph.D.+
Senior Technical Advisor for Gender
Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC)
U.S. Department of State
Washington DC, USA

Ms. Vanessa Ludwig*
Programmes Director
Gei-Heis Collective
South Africa
(Formerly, Director, Triangle Project, Cape Town, South Africa)

Dr. Chewe Luo, Ph.D., MMed, MSc+
Senior Programme Advisor
UNICEF
New York, NY, USA

Ron MacInnis, MPH+
Deputy Director for HIV, Health Policy Project (HPP)
Futures Group
Washington DC, USA

Tim Mah, MSc, ScD+
Senior HIV Prevention Advisor
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Siddhartha Mahanty, MD, MPH*
Assistant Chief, Clinical Parasitology Section,LPD
NIH/NIAID
Bethesda, MD, USA
(Formerly, Staff Physician, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases)

Allan Maleche, LLB^
Executive Director
Kenya Legal Ethical Issues Network on HIV AIDS (KELIN)
Nairobi, Kenya

Dr. Therese McGinn, Ph.D., MPH+
Associate Professor of Clinical Population and Family Health
Columbia University
New York, NY, USA

Mr. Jeff Meer+
Special Advisor Global Health Policy and Development
Public Health Institute (PHI)
Washington DC, USA

Anna Miller, MBChB, MPH*
Senior Technical Advisor
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
Harare, Zimbabwe

Thomas Minior, MD, MPH#
Senior HIV/AIDS Treatment Advisor
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Arlington, VA, USA

Sasha Mital, MPH+
Public Health Analyst,HIV Prevention Branch
Division of Global HIV/AIDS
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Atlanta, GA, USA

Linda Mobula, MD, MPH#
Health Advisor/Field Officer
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Arlington, VA, USA

Dr. Claudia Garcia Moreno, MD+
Gender, Reproductive Rights and Sexual Health
World Health Organization (WHO)
Geneva, Switzerland

Dr. Charles Morrison, Ph.D.+
Senior Director of Clinical Sciences
FHI360
Raleigh-Durham, NC, USA

Dr. Aprajita Mukherjee, Ph.D. *
(Formerly, Gender Development Specialist, International Center
for Research on Women (ICRW)/Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India)

Irene Mukui, MBChB, MPH#
National HIV Care and Treatment Program Manager
Ministry of Health
Nairobi, Kenya

Nagadya Hajjarah-
HIV Activist and SRHR Officer
International Community of Women Living with HIV, Eastern Africa
Kampala, Uganda

Dr. Franoise Ndayishimiye, MD*+
Gender Consultant
(Formerly Senior Gender Adviser,The Global Fund
to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Geneva, Switzerland)

Dr. Richard Needle, Ph.D.+
Senior Public Health Advisor, Prevention for MARPs
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Emmanuel Njeuhmeli, MD, MPH, MBA+
Prevention Advisor, Male Circumcision
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Tonya Nyagiro, Ph.D+
Senior Advisor, Gender, Key Populations and Human Rights
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
Geneva, Switzerland

Dr. Florence Nyangara, Ph.D. *
Senior Research Evaluation Specialist
ICF Associates Inc.
Calverton, MD
(Formerly, Senior Research and Evaluation Specialist, Futures Group
Washington DC, USA)

Dr. Laura Nyblade, PhD.+
Health Policy Project (HPP)
Futures Group
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Nancy Padian, Ph.D., MPH+
Senior Technical Advisor
Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC)
U.S. Department of State
Washington DC, USA

Priti Patel, B.A., J.D.^
Deputy Director and HIV Programme Manager
Southern Africa Litigation Centre (SALC)
Johannesburg, South Africa

Dr. Suzanne Petroni, Ph.D., MSFS+
Vice President for Global Health
Public Health Institute (PHI)
Washington DC, USA

Amelia Peltz, MA+#-
Senior Gender Advisor, Office of HIV/AIDS,Bureau for Global Health
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Christian Pitter, MD*
Senior Director, Global Technical Policy and Partnerships
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Chelsea Polis, Ph.D.+
Epidemiologist
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA

Judith Polsky, MPA/MPPM*
External Relations Advisor
UNAIDS
Geneva, Switzerland
(Formerly, Programme Advisor)

Diana Prieto, MPP+#
Senior Gender Advisor, Office of HIV/AIDS, Bureau for Global Health
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA
Co-chair, PEPFAR Gender Technical Working Group

Mr. Murray Proctor+
First Assistant Director General
Sectoral Policy Division
Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)
Canberra, Australia

Julie Pulerwitz, ScD, ScM+
Director, HIV/AIDS TB Global Program
PATH
Washington DC, USA

Beth Robinson, MS+
Director, Knowledge Management
Futures Group
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Mark Robson, Ph.D., MPH, MS, ATS*
Dean of Agricultural and Urban Programs
School of Environmental and Biological Sciences
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Dr. Naomi Rutenberg, Ph.D. *+
Vice President, HIV and AIDS Program
Population Council
New York, NY, USA

Dr. Caroline Ryan, MD, MPH+
Director of Technical Leadership
Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC)
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Amitrajit Saha, DGO, MD (PSM) *
Senior Advisor, HIV Human Rights
UNDP
Johannesburg, South Africa
(Formerly, Associate Director, SRH, PATH, New Delhi, India)

Amakobe Caroline Sande, MA*
Senior Gender Advisor
UNAIDS
Regional Support Team Eastern and Southern Africa
Johannesburg, South Africa
(Formerly, Team Leader, Country Support)

Justine Sass+ MSc, MPH
Regional AIDS Advisor
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)/Asia-Pacific
Bangkok, Thailand

Dr. Janet Shriberg, Ph.D., MSc, MPH+
Monitoring and Evaluation OVC Technical Advisor
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Stuart Z. Shapiro, MD, Ph.D.*+
NIAID Program Officer
Division of AIDS NIAID/NIH/DHHS
Bethesda, MD, USA

Carol Shepherd, Sc.D., MS *
Technical Director
CAMRIS International, Inc.
Bethesda, MD, USA
(Formerly, Deputy Director, Futures Group, Washington, DC, USA)

Dr. Jacqueline Sherris, Ph.D.*
Vice President, Global Programs
PATH
Seattle, WA, USA

Dr. Larry Slutsker, MD, MPH*+
Associate Director for Science
Center for Global Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta, GA, USA
(Formerly, Chief, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch)

Emily Sonneveldt, MPH+
Senior Associate
Futures Institute
Glastonbury, CT, USA

Dr. Suniti Solomon, MD+
Founder and Director
Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research
and Education (Y.R.G. Care)
Chennai, India

Marion Stevens, RN, RM, B Soc Sci (Hons), MM(PDM) *+
Coordinator WISH Associates
(Women in SexualandRights and Health)
Cape Town, South Africa
(Formerly, Project Manager, Women and HIV/AIDS Gauge,
Health Systems Trust (HST), South Africa)

John Stover, MA+
President
Futures Institute
Glastonbury, CT, USA

Laura Subramanian, MS*
Research and Metrics Advisor
Pathfinder International
Boston, MA, USA
(Formerly, Program Associate, EngenderHealth, New York, NY, USA)

Todd Summers*
Chair, Strategy, Investment, and Impact Committee
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
Washington DC, USA
(Formerly, Senior Program Officer for Global Health, Bill Melinda Gates Foundation, Washington, DC, USA)

Ms. Tracy Swan*+
Hepatitis/HIV Project Director
Treatment Action Group
New York, NY, USA

Alison Symington, LLM^
Co-Director of Research and Advocacy
Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network
Toronto, ON, Canada

Dr. Vicci Tallis, Ph.D.*
Programme Manager, HIV and AIDS
Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA)
Johannesburg, South Africa

Becky Tolson, MA+
Deputy Director, International Harm Reduction
Development Program
Open Society Foundations (OSF)
New York, NY, USA

Rachel Tulchin, MA+
Foreign Affairs Officer
U.S. Department of State
Washington DC, USA

Feiko ter Kuile, MD, Ph.D.*
Professor of Tropical Epidemiology
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Liverpool, England, United Kingdom

Alejandra Trossero, MSc*
Director, Integrated Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Programmes
International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF)/East and South East Asia and Oceania
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
(Formerly, Senior HIV Officer)

Dr. Mitchell Warren, Ph.D.+
Executive Director
Global Advocacy for HIV Prevention
AVAC
New York, NY, USA

Heather Watts, MD-
Senior Technical Advisor for PMTCT and Maternal Health
Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Alice Welbourn, Ph.D.+
Founder and Director
Salamander Trust
London, England, United Kingdom

Rose Wilcher, MPH+
Senior Technical Officer
FHI 360
Raleigh-Durham, NC, USA

Jon B. "Ben" Woods, MD-
Senior HIV Continuum of Clinical Services Advisor for Peds TX and PMTCT
USAID Global Health Fellows Program II
Washington DC, USA

Dr. Irina Yacobson, MD+
Assistant Medical Director
FHI 360
Raleigh-Durham, NC, USA

*Additional Support

In addition to the authors, a number of people have been involved in compiling the evidence in this resource and in writing significant components of chapters and gathering references. (* denotes 2010 edition; + denotes 2012 edition; ^ denotes 2014 updates;# denotes 2015 updates)

  • Tessa Ahner-McHaffie, MS, George Washington University, Co-author, Treatment update#
  • Sandra Ka Hon Chu, LLM, Co-Director Research and Advocacy, Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, Lead Author, Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls^
  • Kristine Berzins, Transatlantic Fellow, Ecologic Institute*
  • Dr. Fitih Bicha, MD, MPH, MA, Lead Author, Treatment+
  • Kristin Burke, BHSC, CHES, MPH student, George Washington University, Lead Author, Preventing, Detecting and Treating Critical Co-Infections+
  • Corey Cameron, FIMRC Ambassador, Foundation for the International Medical Relief of Children+
  • Elina Cespedes, student, Marymount University+
  • Matthew Cleaveland, student, H-B Woodlawn HS+
  • Rachel Cleaveland, student, Williamsburg MS+
  • Christian Cleaveland, student, Williamsburg MS+
  • Nicole A. Duffau Valds LL.M, International Consultant ^
  • Holly Greb, Program Associate, Global HIV/Tuberculosis Program, PATH*
  • Debasree Das Gupta, Ph.D. student, George Mason University+
  • Kathryn Fleming, Senior Project Specialist, Health and Education, American Institutes for Research*
  • Chanelle Gutari, RN, BA, MPH, Ph.D. student, Crisis, Emergency Risk Management, George Washington University*
  • Alana Hairston, MS, Program Officer, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation; Ph.D. student at Johns Hopkins University*
  • Carolina Hall, Masters student, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Co-author, Safe Motherhood and Prevention of Vertical Transmission+; Contributor, Sexual Reproductive Health*
  • Mackenzie Kacmarcik, MPH, George Washington University, Co-author, Antental Care: Treatment update-
  • Betsy Kidder, MD and Ph.D. student, George Washington University*
  • Christina Memmott, BS, University of Maryland College Park, Co-author, Prevention and Services for Adolescents and Young People update-
  • Tasha Prados, Peace Corps Volunteer, Peru*
  • Sara Pappa, MA, Co-author, Care and Support+
  • Meher Rehman, Senior Program Officer, FHI 360/India*
  • Kimberly Rovin, Ph.D. student, Michigan State University*
  • Claire Wingfield, MPH, Product Development Policy Officer, Advocacy and Public Policy, PATH*
  • Martha Wood, MPH, Midwife, Alice Springs, Australia*